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Home > Resources > Glossary of Terms
The Carmeuse Lime & Stone glossary of terms is a great resource for our customers and visitors. Here you can find definitions for many industry terms and acronyms regarding the multiple uses of lime. You'll find this section to be a useful supplement to the research papers and case studies available through our website. Locate a definition in the immediate display of general terms or choose an industry from the list to find terms specific to their application.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Exposing a substance or area to air circulation; the process of mixing air with a pulverized fuel or a powdered material such as fly ash in a transport pipe or storage bin. Example: the aeration of the fly ash in a silo to facilitate flow, aeration equipment in a fly ash silo.
An apparatus that separates various size fractions of ground material pneumatically; fine particles are discharged as product; oversize is returned to the mill as tailings.
Salts of alkali metals, principally sodium and potassium; a hydroxide or carbonate of an alkali metal.
The maximum angle from horizontal at which a given material (such as fly ash, bottom ash, or fixated FGD material) will rest on a given surface without sliding or rolling.
A device/equipment containing one or more cloth bags for recovering particles (fly ash) from the dust laden gas or air which is blown through it. Bag filters are used in the fly ash transport system in series with mechanical equipment (dust collectors and referred to as primary and secondary dust collectors) to remove fine particulate fly ash from the conveying air. The bag filter dust collector is usually referred to as a tertiary dust collector in this case. This fly ash is generally less than 10 microns, an ideal size for use as a mineral filler.
A facility constructed at some coal-fired power plants to remove particulate matter (fly ash) from the flue gas by the use of fabric filter bags that mechanically trap particulate (fly ash) carried in the flue gases.
An exemption from regulation as hazardous wastes of all wastes or residues that result from the combustion of coal and other fossil fuels.
The mass of a material per unit volume including voids. Bulk density is usually reported on a dry basis.
A material that is not one of the primary products of a production process and that is not solely or separately produced by the production process.
The content of carbonate in a liming material or calcareous soil calculated as if all the carbonate is in the form of CaCO3.
Weight per unit volume, expressed as grams per cubic centimeter or pounds per cubic foot for solids and liquids and usually as grams per liter for gases.
A process or chemical reaction which is accompanied by the evolution of heat, for example combustion reaction or hydration of lime.
A substance added to a system or product to increase bulk, weight, viscosity, opacity, or strength and often used to reduce cost. CCPs are used as fillers in many applications, for example, in solidification/stabilization of wastes; in concrete, flowable fills/controlled low strength materials. Also fly ash in particular is being used as a mineral filler.
The percentage by weight of a standard sample of a pulverized material which passes through a standard screen of specific mesh when subjected to a prescribed sampling and screening procedures. It is an important quality factor for the use of fly ash in concrete. The fineness of a particular fly ash is related to the operating condition of the coal crushers and the grindability of the coal itself. It is a measure of the percent retained on the Number 325 sieve. A coarser gradation can result in a less reactive fly ash.
The causing of a mass of finely divided solid particles to assume some of the properties of a fluid, as aeration. Example: the fly ash in a silo is usually fluidized to facilitate its flow and allow for the loadout of the ash from the silo.
Unreacted lime and hydroxide species available to react with a pozzolan to form a cementitious product, usually expressed as a percentage by total wieght of the product.
Emissions other than those from stacks or vents. Example: dust emissions from unpaved roads, from the surfaces of landfills, etc.
The term describing a compound that can absorb water vapor from the atmosphere, for example, some high lime fly ashes when stored in buildings will absorb moisture in the air.
Calcium oxide (CaO); also loosely, a general term for the various chemical and physical forms of quicklime, hydrated lime and hydraulic hydrated lime.
The weight change of a material when it is heated under prescribed conditions; a measurement of unburned carbon (coal) remaining in fly ash and is perhaps the single most critical characteristic of fly ash when used in concrete. Higher carbon contents can result in significant air-entrainment problems and can adversely affect the performance of concrete incorporating the ash. The carbon level found in coal combustion products (primarily fly ash) is determined in accordance with ASTM Method D3178 Istrumental Method.
Essentially the same as parts per million when applied to water solutions whose specific gravity is 1.
NPDES - the national program for issuing, modifying, revoking, and reissuing, terminating, monitoring and enforcing permits, and imposing and enforcing pretreatment requirements, under the Clean Air Act.
Diffuse pollution sources (i.e., without a single point of origin or not introduced into a receiving stream from a specific outlet). The pollutants are generally carried off the land by storm water. Common non-point sources are agriculture, forestry, urban, mining, construction, dams, channels, land disposal, saltwater intrusion, and city streets.
This term refers in this context to the composition of the solid particles of the products from coal combustion or flue gas cleaning. The smaller the particle, the greater will be the exposed surface area of a given volume.
1 x 10-9 - a proportion by weight measurement equivalent to one unit weight of analyte per billion unit weights of matrix. In water treatment terminology, one pound per one billion pounds of water.
1 x 10-6 - a proportion by weight measurement equivalent to one unit weight of analyte per million unit weights of matrix. In water treatment terminology, one pound per one million pounds of water or one milligram per liter of water.
The logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion activity in aqueous solutions. A measure of the strength or intensity of a water's acidity or alkalinity. Water with a pH of 7.0 is neutral. A pH less than 7.0 indicates an acidic water, while a pH greater than 7.0 indicates an alkaline water.
A sample that is constructed by combining equal portions of grab or regular samples.
A single sample of a material or liquild (coal combustion product, coal combustion byproduct, coal combustion waste) taken at neither set time nor rate. Example: a grab sample is taken in a single operation from a conveyor delivering fly ash to bulk storage.
A storage vessel, generally tall relative to its cross section, for dry solids such as fly ash, FBC ash, etc. The dry solids are fed into the top of silo and withdrawn from the bottom through a controlled mechanism. Silos are extensively used in dry fly ash removal/storage systems. They may be flat bottomed or cone bottomed and may be made of concrete or steel.
The collective term for the equipment used especially in flat bottomed fly ash silos for fluidizing the fly ash to facilitate flow and for removing the fly ash from the silo in either a conditioned or dry state.
Slag is a combination of metallic and non-metallic oxides, usually molten, that floats on a pool of iron or steel. The slags comes from fluxes such as lime, dolomitic lime, fluorspar, calcium aluminate, dissolved refractories from the furnace, and metallic elements in the melted scrap. Because slag is less dense it floats on top of the liquid steel.
Any solid or semisolid or liquid waste generated from a municipal, commercial, or industrial wastewater treatment plant water supply treatment plant or air pollution control facility (wet scrubbers) or any other such waste having similar characteristics and effect.
A mixture of water and any finely divided insoluble material (fly ash, slaked lime, etc.) in suspension.
The portion of RCRA that regulates hazardous waste management facilities and units.
The portion of RCRA that regulates non-hazardous waste management facilities and units.
One of the elements present in varying quantities in coal that contributes to environmental degradation when coal is burned. EIA classifies coal, in terms of pounds of sulfur per million Btu as low (less than or equal to 0.60 pounds of sulfur), medium (between 0.61 ad 1.67 pounds of sulfur), and high (greater than or equal to 1.68 pounds of sulfur). When coal is sampled, sulfur content is measured as a percent by weight of coal on an "as received" or "dry" (moisture-free) basis. Sulfur occurs in coal in three forms: (1) iron sulfides (pyrite and marcasite), (2) secondary sulfates (gypsum and hydrous ferrous sulfate), and (3) organic sulfur chemically bonded to the coal forming plant material.
A material added to a liquid usually water to reduce its surface tension enabling it to wet a solid surface effectively rather than running off the surface in droplets; a substance that affects markedly the interfacial or surface tension of solutions even when present in very low concentrations. Surfactants are added to the water in the fly ash loadout process from a silo to wet the conditioned fly ash more effectively.
An element present in extremely small quantities. Metals are the predominant, naturally occurring trace elements in coal; they are also in its ash. Most of the trace elements in FGD sludge/cake originate from the small amounts of coal ash that elude the particulate collection device.
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